general sense. And even in the animal creation we find the same

analogy existing between these feelings of sympathy and their

opposites which occur in the case of human beings. Every feeling of

attachment or sympathy existing between two individuals has a

counterpart in an opposite feeling of discontent when the object of

the love or attachment in question dies, falls sick, or runs away.

This feeling of discontent may assume the form of a sorrow ending in

lasting melancholy. In the case of apes and of certain parrots, it has

been noticed that the death of a mate has frequently led the survivor

to refuse nourishment, and die in turn from increasing grief and

depression. If, on the other hand, an animal discovers the cause of

the grief or loss which threatens it; if some enemy creature tries to

rob it of its mate or little ones, the mixed reactive feeling of rage

or anger is born in it, anger against the originator of its

discontent. Jealousy is only a definite special form of this anger

reaction.

A further development of the feeling of sympathy is that of duty.

Every feeling of love or sympathy urges those who feel it to do

certain things which will benefit the object of that love. A mother

will feed her young, bed them down comfortably, caress them; a father

will bring nourishment to the mother and her brood, and protect them

against foes. All these actions, not performed to benefit the creature

itself, but to help its beloved mate, represent exertion, trouble, the

overcoming of danger, and lead to a struggle between egoism and the

feeling of sympathy. Out of this struggle is born a third feeling,

that of responsibility and conscience. Thus the elements of the human

social feelings are already quite pronounced in the case of many

animals, including those of love as well as sex.

In the human animal, speaking in general, these feelings of sympathy

(love) and duty are strongly developed in the family connection; that

is, they are developed with special strength in those who are most

intimately united in sex life, in husband and wife and in children.

Consequently the feelings of sympathy or love which extend to larger

communal groups, such as more distant family connections, the tribe,

the community, those speaking the same tongue, the nation, are

relatively far weaker. Weakest of all, in all probability, is that

general human feeling which sees a brother in every other human being

and is conscious of the social duties owed him.

As regards man and wife, the relation of the actual sex instinct to




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